建筑(zhu)業(ye)是國民經(jing)濟(ji)的支柱產(chan)(chan)業(ye)，為(wei)我國經(jing)濟(ji)持(chi)續(xu)健(jian)康發(fa)(fa)展提供了有力(li)支撐(cheng)。但建筑(zhu)業(ye)生產(chan)(chan)方式仍然比(bi)較粗放，與高質量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展要(yao)求相比(bi)還有很大差距。在新時期，建筑(zhu)業(ye)要(yao)鞏固支柱產(chan)(chan)業(ye)地(di)位，必須借助新技術(shu)手段(duan)，加大工業(ye)化轉型力(li)度(du)，取(qu)得(de)新發(fa)(fa)展。

　　傳統建筑模式

　　阻礙高質量發展

　　近(jin)年來，我國(guo)經濟快(kuai)速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)生(sheng)產規(gui)模(mo)(mo)逐年擴(kuo)大(da)，傳(chuan)統建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)技(ji)(ji)術對工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)(jian)設快(kuai)速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)貢獻很(hen)大(da)，但(dan)弊端(duan)也(ye)十分(fen)突(tu)出。一是(shi)(shi)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)粗放，鋼材(cai)、水(shui)泥等建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)料(liao)資源浪費(fei)嚴(yan)重;二是(shi)(shi)現場(chang)(chang)手工(gong)作業(ye)多(duo)、機械作業(ye)少(shao)，生(sheng)產效(xiao)率低、勞動強度大(da);三是(shi)(shi)現場(chang)(chang)濕作業(ye)多(duo)，工(gong)地(di)(di)臟、亂(luan)、差，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)一定環(huan)境(jing)污染(ran);四是(shi)(shi)作業(ye)人員多(duo)，勞動力成(cheng)(cheng)本上(shang)漲，導致招工(gong)難(nan)、管理難(nan)、質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)控制(zhi)難(nan);五是(shi)(shi)現場(chang)(chang)占用場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)多(duo)，對建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)周(zhou)邊(bian)居民的工(gong)作生(sheng)活干擾(rao)較大(da);六(liu)是(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)通病嚴(yan)重，混(hun)凝土開裂、滲漏水(shui)問題偶(ou)有(you)發(fa)生(sheng);七是(shi)(shi)安全隱患(huan)多(duo)、作業(ye)風險大(da)。這(zhe)種(zhong)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)，顯然已經不能適應現代社(she)會經濟技(ji)(ji)術日新月異和(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)高質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的現實需求。

　　建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)需要一場嶄新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)變(bian)革，從粗放型(xing)發展模式(shi)(shi)向精(jing)細化(hua)(hua)(hua)發展模式(shi)(shi)轉變(bian)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)主要標(biao)志，是在人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)智能等新(xin)技術的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)領(ling)下，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)建(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)計標(biao)準化(hua)(hua)(hua)、構配件生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠化(hua)(hua)(hua)、現(xian)場施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機械化(hua)(hua)(hua)和組(zu)織管理(li)信息化(hua)(hua)(hua)。先化(hua)(hua)(hua)整(zheng)(zheng)為零，再集零為整(zheng)(zheng)，將(jiang)設(she)計、生(sheng)產(chan)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、設(she)備安裝(zhuang)、裝(zhuang)修和運營全產(chan)業(ye)鏈整(zheng)(zheng)合為一體，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)建(jian)筑(zhu)產(chan)品(pin)低碳(tan)、環(huan)保(bao)、全生(sheng)命周期內價(jia)值最大(da)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)可持(chi)續發展型(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu)方式(shi)(shi)。按照現(xian)代(dai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方式(shi)(shi)，將(jiang)個體化(hua)(hua)(hua)小生(sheng)產(chan)轉向社會化(hua)(hua)(hua)大(da)生(sheng)產(chan)，用現(xian)代(dai)科(ke)技成(cheng)果(guo)，提(ti)(ti)高勞動生(sheng)產(chan)率、加快建(jian)設(she)速度、提(ti)(ti)高工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量(liang)、降低工(gong)(gong)(gong)程成(cheng)本、降低施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)險。

　　建筑工業化發展

　　不平衡不充分

　　建筑工(gong)業(ye)化作(zuo)為高質量發展的基礎，在我國起(qi)步較早，但發展不平衡不充(chong)分(fen)。這種現象(xiang)存在于(yu)不同地域和專業(ye)。

 　　從(cong)地域看，特大城市和經濟(ji)發達地區的(de)工業化(hua)要強(qiang)于(yu)中小城市和經濟(ji)欠發達地區。

　　從專業(ye)(ye)(ye)看，房(fang)屋建(jian)筑起步(bu)(bu)早、較成(cheng)熟，軌道交通起步(bu)(bu)晚、發展快。21世紀初，不少(shao)房(fang)地產企業(ye)(ye)(ye)將產學研(yan)用(yong)相結合，從設計(ji)標準化(hua)、工(gong)廠預制、現(xian)場(chang)裝配(pei)、全裝修(xiu)、構件集成(cheng)和新技術應(ying)用(yong)方(fang)面進行工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)探索，取得了(le)積極成(cheng)效。據統計(ji)，實(shi)施工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)建(jian)造，與(yu)純現(xian)澆相比(bi)，現(xian)場(chang)建(jian)筑垃圾減少(shao)80%、材料損耗減少(shao)60%、建(jian)筑節能65%以上、項(xiang)目開發周期縮短25%。近(jin)年來，橋隧(sui)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)快于其他(ta)土建(jian)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)。梁(liang)部結構基本(ben)(ben)上是預制，橋墩和蓋梁(liang)也有(you)較大(da)比(bi)例為工(gong)廠預制。城(cheng)市軌道交通專業(ye)(ye)(ye)大(da)力推廣(guang)盾構機(ji)施工(gong)技術，隧(sui)道結構采用(yong)廠制管片(pian)，工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)轉型較快。此外，混凝土、預拌砂漿、鋼筋加工(gong)、風道管、樓梯(ti)道等基本(ben)(ben)實(shi)現(xian)了(le)工(gong)廠預制。

　　從工(gong)業化(hua)內涵(han)來看，全產業鏈(lian)與大數(shu)據(ju)、云計(ji)算、物聯網、區塊鏈(lian)和BIM(建筑信(xin)息模(mo)型(xing))、GIS(地(di)理(li)信(xin)息系(xi)(xi)統)、5G(第(di)五代移(yi)動通信(xin)技術)等新技術的融合(he)不(bu)(bu)夠，專業設計(ji)研(yan)究能力不(bu)(bu)強，構(gou)配(pei)(pei)件的標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)、系(xi)(xi)列化(hua)和通用化(hua)程(cheng)度(du)較低，專用施工(gong)機械(xie)和設備不(bu)(bu)配(pei)(pei)套(tao)，裝(zhuang)配(pei)(pei)機械(xie)化(hua)、自動化(hua)配(pei)(pei)套(tao)程(cheng)度(du)不(bu)(bu)夠，管(guan)理(li)的科學(xue)化(hua)、信(xin)息化(hua)水平不(bu)(bu)高(gao)，法規及(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)體系(xi)(xi)不(bu)(bu)完善，沒有形成(cheng)規模(mo)化(hua)生(sheng)產，邊際成(cheng)本偏高(gao)。

　　建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)必須是全(quan)(quan)產(chan)業(ye)鏈的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，必須是與(yu)新(xin)技(ji)(ji)術融合(he)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，必須是各專業(ye)協同(tong)發展的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。要貫穿(chuan)從工(gong)(gong)(gong)程設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)、生(sheng)產(chan)制作、運輸配(pei)送、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)安裝到(dao)驗收運營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)過(guo)程，加(jia)強結構體系、節點(dian)連接(jie)(jie)技(ji)(ji)術、標準化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)與(yu)模數化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、BIM技(ji)(ji)術與(yu)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)軟件、預制構件加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)、現(xian)場施工(gong)(gong)(gong)安裝技(ji)(ji)術設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)、安全(quan)(quan)質量控制技(ji)(ji)術設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)以(yi)及監(jian)測、檢測、運營(ying)監(jian)控技(ji)(ji)術設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)等(deng)(deng)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)和應用;加(jia)強商(shang)品(pin)混凝土綠色化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)、新(xin)型(xing)鋁合(he)金復合(he)模板、成型(xing)鋼(gang)筋加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)鋼(gang)筋連接(jie)(jie)技(ji)(ji)術、工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)建設(she)(she)(she)集成平臺等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu);加(jia)強新(xin)型(xing)連接(jie)(jie)節點(dian)、設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)與(yu)制作安裝中BIM一體化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)應用技(ji)(ji)術等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)。

　　工業化與新技術

　　加速建筑業高質量發展

　　數字中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)是新時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)國(guo)家信(xin)息化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的新戰略，是驅(qu)動(dong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)開啟高(gao)質量發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)動(dong)力。為(wei)推進建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)數字化(hua)(hua)(hua)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)升級、加(jia)快建(jian)(jian)造(zao)方式轉變、推動(dong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)高(gao)質量發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，2020年7月，住房和城鄉建(jian)(jian)設部等13部門聯合發(fa)(fa)(fa)布《關(guan)于(yu)推動(dong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)與建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)協同發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的指導(dao)意見》，明確提出了智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)與建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)協同發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的2025年和2035年發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)目標以(yi)及(ji)七項重(zhong)點任務(wu)、五項保障(zhang)措施。要求(qiu)到2025年，形成一批智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)龍頭企業(ye)，打造(zao)“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)”升級版;到2035年，“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)”核心競爭力世界(jie)(jie)領先(xian)，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)全面實(shi)現，邁入智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)世界(jie)(jie)強(qiang)國(guo)行列。這(zhe)是當(dang)前和今后(hou)一個時(shi)(shi)期指導(dao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)向工(gong)(gong)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)轉型(xing)、實(shi)現高(gao)質量發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的重(zhong)要文件。

　　傳統(tong)建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級工業(ye)(ye)化(hua)是(shi)實現(xian)(xian)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)不(bu)可逾(yu)越的歷(li)史階段，形勢(shi)逼人(ren)、時不(bu)我待。全面向(xiang)工業(ye)(ye)化(hua)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級是(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)高(gao)質量發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的現(xian)(xian)實需求，也是(shi)未(wei)來行業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的大(da)趨勢(shi)。向(xiang)工業(ye)(ye)化(hua)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)，必須大(da)力發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)裝配式建(jian)筑(zhu)，推動建(jian)立以標準部品為基礎的專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)、規模化(hua)、信息化(hua)生產體(ti)系(xi)。加(jia)(jia)快推動新(xin)(xin)一代(dai)信息技(ji)(ji)術(shu)與(yu)建(jian)筑(zhu)工業(ye)(ye)化(hua)協同(tong)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，在建(jian)造全過程加(jia)(jia)大(da)BIM、互聯網(wang)、物聯網(wang)、大(da)數據、云計(ji)算、移(yi)動通信、人(ren)工智能(neng)、區塊鏈等新(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的集(ji)成與(yu)創新(xin)(xin)應用，依靠科技(ji)(ji)進步加(jia)(jia)速推進建(jian)筑(zhu)業(ye)(ye)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級，實現(xian)(xian)高(gao)質量發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。