質(zhi)量與安(an)全是工程(cheng)建設的“底線(xian)”。質(zhi)量與安(an)全既相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成(cheng)又相(xiang)互統一，質(zhi)量是安(an)全的重要保(bao)障，安(an)全是質(zhi)量的基本體現(xian)。在加快(kuai)推(tui)動建筑業高質(zhi)量發展(zhan)的過程(cheng)中，必(bi)須以(yi)質(zhi)量求生(sheng)存，以(yi)安(an)全求發展(zhan)。

　　“從有到優”健全質量保障制度

　　工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)事關(guan)人民生命財產安全，是建(jian)(jian)筑業(ye)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)立(li)身之本(ben)。新中國(guo)成立(li)之初，工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)督管理(li)采取的(de)(de)是自(zi)(zi)我(wo)管理(li)、自(zi)(zi)我(wo)約束的(de)(de)企業(ye)自(zi)(zi)檢(jian)自(zi)(zi)評的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)檢(jian)查(cha)制度。1984年，工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)督管理(li)方式進行(xing)了改革(ge)，形成了“施工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)自(zi)(zi)檢(jian)、建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位(wei)抽檢(jian)和(he)政(zheng)府(fu)監(jian)督相結(jie)合(he)”的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)控體(ti)系。1993年《建(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)管理(li)辦法》發布后，國(guo)家對工(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)督的(de)(de)廣度和(he)深度得(de)以擴展(zhan)，實施“核驗制”。

　　《中華人民共(gong)和(he)(he)國建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑法》《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)工程質(zhi)量(liang)管理條(tiao)例》《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)工程勘察設(she)計(ji)管理條(tiao)例》的(de)出臺(tai)，奠定了我國工程質(zhi)量(liang)管理的(de)法規(gui)基礎(chu)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)工程質(zhi)量(liang)由等級核驗(yan)制轉(zhuan)為(wei)竣工驗(yan)收備(bei)案制，進一(yi)步(bu)厘清(qing)了監(jian)管責任和(he)(he)主體責任。

　　“工程項(xiang)目的質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)安(an)全息息相(xiang)關，安(an)全問題囿(you)于質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)問題之中(zhong)。”中(zhong)國(guo)建筑業協會質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)與(yu)監督(du)檢測(ce)分會副會長(chang)兼秘書長(chang)王(wang)昭表示，當前我國(guo)圍繞“一法一條例”出臺了相(xiang)應(ying)的部門規(gui)章(zhang)，并(bing)制(zhi)定質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)監督(du)、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢測(ce)、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)修(xiu)、竣工驗收備案(an)等制(zhi)度十余項(xiang)。一系列規(gui)范性文件(jian)的出臺，有力提升了施(shi)工安(an)全保(bao)障能(neng)力，完善了質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保(bao)障體(ti)系。“《中(zhong)華人民(min)共(gong)和國(guo)安(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產法》的修(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)就是(shi)保(bao)障質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、推進(jin)安(an)全工作的一項(xiang)重(zhong)大(da)舉措”，他解釋說：“新修(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)的安(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產法有五(wu)大(da)亮點(dian)，一是(shi)強(qiang)調安(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產工作要堅(jian)持黨的領(ling)導(dao)和以人為本;二是(shi)完善安(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產工作的體(ti)制(zhi)機制(zhi);三是(shi)落實企(qi)業安(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產主體(ti)責任;四是(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)對(dui)新問題新風險的防范應(ying)對(dui);五(wu)是(shi)加(jia)大(da)對(dui)違法行(xing)為的處罰和懲(cheng)戒力度。”他表示，新修(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)的安(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產法在(zai)促使(shi)建筑業企(qi)業更(geng)加(jia)重(zhong)視(shi)安(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的同時，也必將倒逼企(qi)業進(jin)一步完善質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)系、規(gui)范質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)行(xing)為、提高質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)水平，從而(er)進(jin)一步推動建筑業高質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)發展。

　　創新監管方式提高監管效能

　　隨著第十四屆全(quan)運會進入倒計時，作為(wei)主賽(sai)區，陜西省西安市的項目施(shi)工(gong)現場塔吊(diao)林立、機器轟鳴，一派繁(fan)忙(mang)景象。

　　“我們(men)拿出了(le)看家本領，下足‘繡(xiu)花功(gong)夫’，全力保(bao)障項(xiang)目質量與安全。”西安市(shi)(shi)住房和城(cheng)鄉(xiang)建(jian)設(she)局局長苗(miao)寶明介紹說。2021年(nian)是“全運年(nian)”，今年(nian)以來，西安市(shi)(shi)城(cheng)建(jian)工(gong)程項(xiang)目體量大(da)、工(gong)期緊，西安市(shi)(shi)住房和城(cheng)鄉(xiang)建(jian)設(she)局扛起重(zhong)大(da)責任，致力于把每一個(ge)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目打造成人民(min)滿意的(de)精(jing)品工(gong)程，向市(shi)(shi)民(min)交出一份優秀答卷。

　　苗寶明詳細(xi)介紹了西安(an)(an)市的創新舉(ju)措：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)堅持(chi)條塊結合、上下(xia)聯(lian)(lian)動，緊盯重點部位和重要(yao)環節，精準細(xi)致開展安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)隱(yin)患(huan)排(pai)查整治(zhi)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)問題(ti)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)、責(ze)任清(qing)(qing)單(dan)、措施(shi)(shi)(shi)清(qing)(qing)單(dan)、整改清(qing)(qing)單(dan)，確保(bao)無盲點無死(si)角全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)覆(fu)蓋(gai);二(er)是(shi)分片包抓(zhua)(zhua)、分級管(guan)(guan)理、建立四(si)級安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)網(wang)格化(hua)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)體系，層(ceng)層(ceng)傳導壓力。同時，開展“百名(ming)專家進千(qian)企”幫扶活動，補強屬地監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督力量，提(ti)升安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)效能;三是(shi)出(chu)(chu)臺嚴厲的建筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)，實施(shi)(shi)(shi)“一(yi)(yi)月一(yi)(yi)通報”制(zhi)度，并建立“互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)+監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)”信用評價機(ji)制(zhi)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)“查患(huan)、促治(zhi)、提(ti)質(zhi)、保(bao)安(an)(an)”良好(hao)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)格局;四(si)是(shi)堅持(chi)問題(ti)導向(xiang)、突(tu)出(chu)(chu)源頭(tou)、抓(zhua)(zhua)早抓(zhua)(zhua)小，對(dui)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)事故案例進行(xing)總結分析并形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)PPT教材，采取(qu)(qu)“送教上門”方式對(dui)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)市各建設工(gong)程質(zhi)量安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)督機(ji)構(gou)進行(xing)“一(yi)(yi)對(dui)一(yi)(yi)”培(pei)訓(xun)，對(dui)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)市施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理人員開展安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)教育千(qian)人培(pei)訓(xun)，敲響安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)警鐘。“我們采取(qu)(qu)‘風險預警提(ti)示+執法安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)檢查’的方式，不(bu)斷強化(hua)項目督導和監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)約束，從施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)一(yi)(yi)線筑牢安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)防線。”苗寶明如是(shi)說。

　　西安的監管機(ji)制創新并非個例，隨著(zhu)安全(quan)監管法規制度體(ti)(ti)系的不斷完(wan)善(shan)(shan)，各級(ji)住房和城鄉建設(she)(she)主管部(bu)門工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作也取得顯著(zhu)成效：上海(hai)市(shi)積極推(tui)進住宅工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)潛在(zai)缺陷(xian)保險(xian)制度建設(she)(she)，將保險(xian)機(ji)制全(quan)面融入建設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)風(feng)險(xian)管理體(ti)(ti)系;福(fu)建省(sheng)創新“互聯網+”監管模(mo)式，強化政府工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監管;江蘇省(sheng)實現(xian)了(le)全(quan)省(sheng)“智慧工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)”管理系統全(quan)覆蓋(gai)，完(wan)善(shan)(shan)全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)監督管控體(ti)(ti)系和可(ke)追(zhui)溯機(ji)制……各地(di)的探索和實踐(jian)，有(you)力提升了(le)我(wo)國建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)品質(zhi)(zhi)總體(ti)(ti)水(shui)平，為建設(she)(she)事業(ye)高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)發展提供了(le)重要支撐(cheng)。

　　由“質”向“智”轉變

　　當前，建(jian)筑業面對(dui)勞動(dong)力(li)短缺壓力(li)增(zeng)大(da)(da)、能源資源消耗巨大(da)(da)、工程科技含量(liang)不高(gao)、未能實(shi)現與國際化完全接軌等(deng)諸多(duo)挑戰。科技創新在(zai)應對(dui)這些挑戰中發揮了(le)重(zhong)要作用。

　　在(zai)北京智(zhi)能安(an)保產業(ye)基(ji)地項目(mu)中，一只巡(xun)(xun)(xun)檢(jian)機(ji)器狗吸引(yin)了(le)眾人(ren)的目(mu)光。這個看起來非(fei)常(chang)可(ke)(ke)愛(ai)的小家伙(huo)有著(zhu)非(fei)常(chang)靈活的身手(shou)。“它可(ke)(ke)以代替人(ren)工(gong)(gong)進行工(gong)(gong)地巡(xun)(xun)(xun)檢(jian)，在(zai)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)無法到(dao)達的區域工(gong)(gong)作，并可(ke)(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)(guo)搭載的AI攝像(xiang)頭傳回實(shi)時畫面(mian)。”中建(jian)(jian)三局第(di)一建(jian)(jian)設安(an)裝北京公司(si)黨(dang)總(zong)支書記、總(zong)經理陳文林(lin)(lin)介紹說。除了(le)巡(xun)(xun)(xun)檢(jian)機(ji)器狗，項目(mu)保障質(zhi)量(liang)與(yu)安(an)全的智(zhi)慧手(shou)段還有很多。“我(wo)們在(zai)北京可(ke)(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)(guo)5G技術遠(yuan)程(cheng)控制在(zai)武漢的塔(ta)機(ji)，實(shi)現地面(mian)室內環(huan)境對塔(ta)機(ji)的遠(yuan)程(cheng)集(ji)中操控，還建(jian)(jian)立了(le)智(zhi)能安(an)全帽+AI智(zhi)能巡(xun)(xun)(xun)檢(jian)+5G移動(dong)監控體系(xi)，解決復雜(za)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)作業(ye)環(huan)境中的質(zhi)量(liang)監督檢(jian)查問題。”陳文林(lin)(lin)補充說：“我(wo)們自(zi)(zi)主研發建(jian)(jian)立了(le)現代化(hua)的數智(zhi)化(hua)預(yu)制加工(gong)(gong)廠，集(ji)成(cheng)機(ji)電安(an)裝工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的產業(ye)化(hua)預(yu)制與(yu)智(zhi)慧倉儲管(guan)理，可(ke)(ke)實(shi)現全自(zi)(zi)動(dong)管(guan)道切割、全自(zi)(zi)動(dong)壓槽(cao)、智(zhi)能焊接，極大(da)地提(ti)高了(le)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)與(yu)效率。”

　　“這(zhe)是(shi)‘質’向‘智’的轉變，也可以說(shuo)是(shi)‘制’向‘智’的轉變。”北京(jing)市建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)聯合會會長欒(luan)德(de)(de)成表示，信息化、數字化、集成化的發(fa)展，使建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)設計、施工(gong)、維護等全產業(ye)(ye)鏈逐步融合成智能(neng)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)體系。這(zhe)一(yi)體系大大提升了(le)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展的質量和(he)效益(yi)，提升了(le)安(an)全工(gong)作(zuo)的可靠性。欒(luan)德(de)(de)成坦(tan)言，與先進的制造(zao)業(ye)(ye)相(xiang)比，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)生產方式還相(xiang)對粗放。想要(yao)實現精(jing)益(yi)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)還需有一(yi)套切實可行(xing)的符(fu)合建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展規律(lv)的先進的管理辦法，并(bing)不斷加(jia)強對產業(ye)(ye)工(gong)人隊伍的建(jian)(jian)設，弘揚“工(gong)匠精(jing)神(shen)”，最(zui)終實現高(gao)質量發(fa)展。

　　近年(nian)來，中國工(gong)程質量工(gong)作制度體(ti)系不斷(duan)完(wan)善，在(zai)探(tan)索和實(shi)踐(jian)中走(zou)出了一(yi)條不斷(duan)改革(ge)、不斷(duan)創新(xin)的跨越(yue)之路。隨著建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑施工(gong)安(an)全(quan)生(sheng)產技術(shu)日新(xin)月異，在(zai)新(xin)材料、新(xin)裝備、新(xin)技術(shu)的有力(li)支(zhi)撐下，工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)(jian)造正以品(pin)質和效率(lv)為中心(xin)，向(xiang)綠色化(hua)、工(gong)業化(hua)和智慧化(hua)程度更高的新(xin)型建(jian)(jian)(jian)造方式不斷(duan)邁(mai)進(jin)。